News & Research

Early Puberty Linked to Higher Risk of Mental Health Issues

June 24, 2025

Children diagnosed with central precocious puberty (CPP)—when puberty starts before age 8 in girls or 9 in boys—face a higher risk of developing mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, ADHD, and behavior disorders, even years after treatment. A large study found these children had up to 73% greater risk of depression and 53% greater risk of ADHD. Early puberty can cause emotional distress and disrupt brain development. Parents and caregivers should monitor children with CPP for signs of mental health challenges and seek early support to reduce long-term impacts.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2835471

Addictive Screen Use in Kids Linked to Mental Health and Suicide Risk

June 19, 2025

A new study in JAMA shows that children who become addicted to mobile phones, video games, or social media may face higher risks of suicidal thoughts, behaviors, and mental health problems as they enter adolescence.

Researchers followed over 4,000 children from ages 9 to 14. They found that nearly half showed signs of mobile phone addiction over time, and more than 40% were heavily engaged in video games. While only 10% were addicted to social media, over 30% showed growing use.

Children with high or increasing addictive use—especially of mobile phones and social media—were two to three times more likely to have suicidal thoughts or behaviors. These kids also showed more signs of anxiety, depression, aggression, and rule-breaking behavior. Video game addiction was also linked to higher risk, but showed more stable patterns that may allow for earlier detection.

These findings highlight the need for parents to watch not just how much time children spend on screens, but how they use them. Look for signs of compulsive behavior or distress when devices are taken away. Regular check-ins and setting healthy limits may help protect children’s mental well-being.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2835481?guestAccessKey=1e247dd1-cadf-430c-baad-bc5c5543ad29&utm_source=for_the_media&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=ftm_links&utm_content=tfl&utm_term=061825

A Father’s Health Matters, Too: New Research Links Dad’s Weight to Child’s Obesity Risk

June 14. 2025

Parents often hear that a mother’s health before and during pregnancy affects a child’s development — but new research from the University of Toronto highlights that fathers play a crucial role too.

The study, based on over 2,200 Canadian families, found that children whose fathers had overweight or obesity at the time of conception were nearly twice as likely to gain weight rapidly in early childhood. If both parents had obesity, the child’s risk increased more than fourfold.

Importantly, these risks remained even after accounting for other factors like income, screen time, and breastfeeding.

Researchers believe genetics, epigenetic changes in sperm, and shared family habits may all play a role. Since about 70% of Canadian men in their mid-30s have overweight or obesity, the findings suggest that men should also consider their health before starting a family.

The message for families is clear: A father’s lifestyle — including diet and physical activity — matters for future children’s health. Including men in conversations about pre-pregnancy care is a key step toward improving outcomes for the next generation.

https://temertymedicine.utoronto.ca/news/baby-new-study-links-fathers-prenatal-weight-early-growth-patterns-obesity-risk-children

New Blood Test May Help Detect Teen Depression Early

May 24, 2025

Researchers at McGill University have discovered nine blood molecules that could help identify depression in teens earlier and more accurately. These molecules, called microRNAs, were found at higher levels in depressed adolescents and may also help predict symptom changes over time. The test uses a simple finger prick and may offer a faster, more objective way to screen for depression—especially important since teens often struggle to recognize or share how they feel. This new approach could lead to earlier support and better outcomes for young people facing mental health challenges.

https://montreal.citynews.ca/2025/05/22/mcgill-study-teen-depression/

ADHD Medications Unlikely to Cause Psychotic Experiences, Study Finds

May 13, 2025

A new study in Pediatrics offers reassurance to parents of children and teens with ADHD: stimulant medications are not likely to cause psychotic experiences such as hallucinations or paranoia.

Researchers studied over 8,000 youth ages 9 to 14. While those who started stimulant medications were more likely to report psychotic experiences at follow-up, the same youth were also more likely to have had these experiences before starting medication. When researchers compared similar youth—matching for background and mental health history—stimulant use was not linked to an increased risk.

The study focused on psychotic experiences (like odd thoughts or hearing things others don’t) which are distressing but much milder than a diagnosed psychotic disorder.

“These results are reassuring for young people and their families,” said lead author Dr. Ian Kelleher. “Routine ADHD medication treatment is unlikely to cause psychotic experiences.”

If you're considering stimulant medication for your child, this study supports that—when properly monitored and prescribed—they remain a safe and effective option. Always discuss any concerns with your child’s healthcare provider.

https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/doi/10.1542/peds.2024-069142/201902/Stimulant-Medication-Use-and-Risk-of-Psychotic?redirectedFrom=fulltext?autologincheck=redirected

How Social Media Affects Youth With Mental Health Challenges

May 5, 2025

A recent study in Nature Human Behavior found that youth with mental illness spend more time on social media than their peers without mental health issues. This is especially true for teens with internalizing conditions like depression or anxiety.

Researchers studied over 3,000 youth aged 11 to 19. Those with mental illness spent an average of 2.8 hours per week on social media, compared to 1.9 hours for those without. Youth with depression or anxiety were more likely to feel unhappy with their number of online friends and reported feeling upset when social media feedback (like comments or likes) affected their mood. They also had more trouble controlling their time online and often compared themselves negatively to others.

Interestingly, youth with externalizing conditions (like ADHD or conduct disorder) also used social media more, but didn’t show the same emotional struggles or loss of control.

Parents should be aware of how social media may affect their child’s mood and self-esteem. For teens with anxiety or depression, therapies that address online comparisons and social feedback may help. Talking openly about online habits and setting healthy boundaries can support better mental well-being.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02134-4

Outdoor Time May Help Prevent Anxiety in Young Children

April 22, 2025

A recent study from China found that infants and toddlers who spend less time outdoors may be at higher risk for anxiety symptoms later on. Researchers analyzed data from over 69,000 preschoolers and found a clear link between limited outdoor time in early years and increased anxiety.

Children who had fewer than seven outdoor play sessions per week—or spent less than two hours outside per session—were more likely to show signs of anxiety. This was true for both infants (under 1 year) and toddlers (ages 1 to 3). For example, toddlers with less than seven outdoor sessions a week were up to three times more likely to have anxiety symptoms than those with more frequent outdoor time.

Why does outdoor play matter? Experts suggest that time outside provides vital sensory experiences, physical activity, chances for social interaction, emotional support, and exposure to natural light—all of which support healthy emotional development.

The takeaway for parents: try to include regular outdoor time in your child’s daily routine, starting from infancy. It’s a simple, natural way to help support your child’s mental health and well-being.

https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-025-06831-2

Cannabidiol (CBD) Shows Early Promise for Children with Autism

April 16, 2025

Early research suggests that cannabidiol (CBD), a compound derived from cannabis, may help reduce certain symptoms in children and teens with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A review of three clinical trials involving 276 young people found moderate improvements in social interaction and small reductions in disruptive behaviors after using CBD extract. 

The participants, mostly boys aged 5–21, received oral CBD in doses starting at 1 mg/kg per day and increasing up to 10 mg/kg per day. The extract contained very low levels of THC, the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis.

Researchers believe CBD may help restore balance in the brain’s endocannabinoid system, which regulates communication between brain cells and may be disrupted in people with ASD. While no major improvements were seen in anxiety or sleep, the treatment appeared safe, with side effects similar to those in the placebo group.

Experts emphasize that while these results are encouraging, more research is needed to confirm CBD’s long-term safety and effectiveness. Families should always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment.

*This summary is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice.*

https://www.staging.medscape.com/viewcollection/37756?_gl=1*1d9i9x*_gcl_au*NzA5NjQ3MDg3LjE3NDE3NDE3MDk.

ADHD Medications and Heart Health: What Parents Should Know

April 9, 2025

A recent review of over 100 studies shows that many ADHD medications—not just stimulants—can slightly raise blood pressure and heart rate in children, teens, and adults. These changes are generally small, but they highlight the need for careful monitoring.

Medications studied included stimulants (like methylphenidate and amphetamines), non-stimulants (such as atomoxetine and viloxazine), antidepressants, and alpha-agonists (like guanfacine and clonidine). In children and teens, medications like atomoxetine, lisdexamfetamine, and methylphenidate slightly increased blood pressure and heart rate. However, guanfacine actually lowered both.

Experts emphasize that while these changes are usually within healthy ranges, it's important to measure blood pressure and pulse before and during treatment. There’s still limited research on the long-term effects of these mild increases, especially with long-term use.

Despite these findings, ADHD medications continue to show overall benefits, including reduced risk of injury or other harmful outcomes. If your child is starting or currently taking ADHD medication, speak with their healthcare provider about regular monitoring and any concerns you may have.

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(25)00062-8/abstract

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Why Are So Many Kids Anxious Today?

March 22, 2025

In recent years, mental health issues like anxiety and depression have surged among children and teens. Jonathan Haidt, PhD, in his book The Anxious Generation*, explains how societal and technological shifts contributed to this crisis.

Starting in the 1980s, parents became increasingly protective, limiting children's unsupervised play despite safer environments. This restricted their natural way of developing social and emotional skills. Meanwhile, the rise of the internet in the 1990s changed how kids spent their time. As technology advanced, children spent more time online, often unsupervised, leading to less real-world interaction.

By the 2000s, smartphones and social media further intensified these issues. Apps designed to maximize engagement exploited the immature adolescent brain, resulting in addiction, social isolation, sleep problems, and attention difficulties. This "perfect storm" hit Generation Z hardest, as they were the first to grow up with smartphones during puberty.

Haidt emphasizes that overprotection in the real world and underprotection online are key factors driving this crisis. Parents, schools, and tech companies must work together to create healthier environments that promote balanced development. Supporting kids in spending more time in real-world activities can help reduce anxiety and build resilience.

*Haidt J. The Anxious Generation: How the Great Rewiring of Childhood Is Causing an Epidemic of Mental Illness. Penguin Press; 2024.

Is TikTok Misinforming About ADHD?

March 21, 2025

A recent study in PLOS One found that less than half of the claims about ADHD in popular TikTok videos are clinically accurate. Researchers reviewed 100 top #ADHD videos with over half a billion views. Two clinical psychologists assessed whether these videos aligned with DSM-5 criteria and rated them on their value for ADHD education.

Only 48.7% of the claims were deemed accurate. A common issue was labeling normal behaviors, like occasional distraction, as ADHD symptoms. Despite this, many young adults, especially those who self-diagnosed with ADHD, rated these videos highly and recommended them to others.

The study involved 843 participants aged 18 to 25, with varying ADHD statuses. Those who self-diagnosed were more likely to view ADHD TikToks favorably. Interestingly, participants rated the lowest-quality videos higher than psychologists did, though overall, they recognized the top videos as better.

The findings highlight TikTok's role in spreading mental health information and reducing stigma. However, reliance on anecdotal content risks mislabeling normal behaviors as ADHD, complicating proper diagnosis and treatment. Parents should encourage children to seek accurate information and consult professionals for mental health concerns.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0319335

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Childhood Trauma and Early Puberty: A Risk Factor for Depression and Anxiety in Girls 

March 7, 2025

A recent study in *The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry* highlights a concerning link between childhood trauma and mental health risks in girls. Researchers found that girls who experience trauma early in life are more likely to develop anxiety and depression between ages 12 and 14, partly due to starting puberty earlier than their peers.  

The study followed 4,225 girls over four years and identified three patterns of puberty:  

- **Typical developers (76%)** progressed through puberty at a normal rate.  

- **Slow developers (15%)** entered puberty later and had the lowest rates of anxiety and depression.  

- **Early starters (9%)** began puberty as early as age nine and were at the highest risk for internalizing symptoms.  

Early starters were also more likely to have experienced childhood trauma. However, if their pubertal development slowed after age nine, their risk of anxiety and depression was somewhat reduced.  

These findings suggest that early puberty, especially when triggered by trauma, may create a mismatch between a child’s physical, emotional, and social development. Parents should be aware of these risks and seek support if their child experiences trauma or early puberty. Providing a stable, supportive environment and ensuring access to mental health resources can help protect at-risk youth from long-term emotional difficulties.

https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.pn.2023.11.11.31

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Grandparent Style Influences Adolescent Mental Health

March 7, 2025

In this Research Roundup, learn more about how grandparent behavior impacts adolescent mental health, how internet addiction interferes with an adolescent’s mental health, and the therapeutic effects of pairing short-term trauma stabilization techniques with escitalopram.

A systematic review and meta-analysis examines the impact of different grandparenting styles on the mental health of children and adolescents.

Using the findings of 20 studies, involving 11,434 children, investigators categorized grandparenting styles into positive and negative. Positive grandparenting styles were associated with warmth, support with autonomy, and authoritative parenting, while negative styles were associated with rejection, coercion, and chaos or inconsistency. Findings from the study showed that positive grandparenting is moderately linked to lower levels of depression (r = -0.3) and anxiety (r = -0.12), with no significant effect on internalizing symptoms. Negative grandparenting was associated with higher levels of depression (r = 0.15), anxiety (r = 0.15), and internalizing symptoms (r = 0.25). A sensitivity analysis found that positive grandparenting has a more profound effect on younger children than older children.

“Because multigenerational families and grandparent–mother co‑parenting are prevalent in Chinese culture, additional studies in such social contexts are needed to examine the potential interactive effects of parenting and grandparenting on children’s and adolescents’ mental health outcomes in multigenerational families,” the investigators wrote.

Reference:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40001811/

Personality Traits and Alcohol Risk: What Parents Should Know  

February 27, 2025

A recent study in *Addictive Behaviors* found that adolescents who are highly extroverted are more likely to be heavy drinkers in adulthood, while those who are highly agreeable have a lower risk. Researchers tracked children from early childhood to age 30, analyzing personality traits and alcohol use.  

No personality traits before adolescence predicted future drinking habits. However, starting in early adolescence, extroversion was linked to heavier drinking in adulthood, while agreeableness had a protective effect. Extroverted teens may seek social excitement, making them more prone to alcohol use, while agreeable teens tend to follow social rules and choose prosocial peer groups.  

The good news is that personality-based interventions can help. Parents can support their children by encouraging responsible decision-making, fostering positive social connections, and discussing the risks of alcohol use. If you notice high extroversion in your child, guiding them toward healthy social activities may reduce their risk. For highly agreeable children, reinforcing their natural inclination toward responsible behavior can further protect them.  

Understanding personality can help parents take early steps to prevent harmful drinking habits, promoting healthier futures for their children.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460325000589

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How a Father’s Depression Can Affect a Child’s Mental Health

February 3, 2025

A recent study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found that children of fathers with depression are more likely to develop behavioral challenges and poor social skills. The study followed over 1,400 children and assessed paternal depression when the children were 5 years old. By age 9, teachers reported that these children had significantly higher rates of oppositional behavior, hyperactivity, and attention problems. They also had lower social skills compared to their peers.

The researchers suggest that depression may affect parenting, leading to less emotional support and harsher discipline. While maternal depression is often recognized, paternal mental health also plays a crucial role in a child’s development.

This study highlights the importance of identifying and supporting fathers who may be struggling with depression. If you notice signs of depression in your child’s father—such as persistent sadness, irritability, or withdrawal—consider seeking professional help. Pediatricians and mental health professionals can provide guidance and connect families to resources. Supporting a parent’s mental well-being can significantly improve a child’s emotional and behavioral health.

https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(25)00029-7/fulltext

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Early Exposure to Violent TV: A Risk Factor for Boys’ Aggressive Behavior

January 31, 2025 

A recent study found that preschool boys who watched violent TV content were more likely to develop aggressive and antisocial behaviors by age 15. These included proactive aggression (using aggression to achieve goals), physical aggression, and general antisocial behavior. However, no similar effect was observed in girls.  

Researchers followed over 1,900 children from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. Parents reported their child’s exposure to violent TV content at ages 3.5 and 4.5. When the children turned 15, they self-reported their levels of aggression and antisocial behavior. The results showed that early exposure to violent content was linked to a 6.5% increase in proactive aggression, a 7.4% increase in physical aggression, and a 7.6% increase in antisocial behavior in boys.  

These findings highlight the importance of monitoring what young children watch. Parents of children with mental health concerns, who may already struggle with impulse control or emotional regulation, should be especially mindful of their media exposure. Encouraging age-appropriate, nonviolent content and promoting healthy coping strategies can help reduce risks.  

As the study’s lead author emphasized, public health efforts should focus on educating parents about the long-term impact of violent media on young children. Being proactive about media choices can contribute to healthier emotional and behavioral development.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/22/1/129#:~:text=For%20boys%2C%20preschool%20violent%20televiewing,associations%20were%20found%20for%20girls.

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Understanding ADHD: A Guide for Parents

January 25, 2025  

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is not a behavioral problem or a lack of effort. It is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in brain activity, development, and chemistry. These differences affect attention, organization, impulse control, and hyperactivity.  

ADHD affects approximately 5% of children and 2.5% of adults, influencing academic, social, and work-related functioning. Genetics play a significant role in ADHD, with 74% of cases being hereditary. Environmental factors, such as low birth weight or prenatal exposure to smoking, may increase risk but are not direct causes.  

Diagnosing ADHD involves assessing behavioral and cognitive difficulties relative to age-appropriate expectations. Emerging neuroscience tools may soon enhance diagnosis by analyzing brainwave patterns and activity instead of relying solely on observation.  

Research has identified specific neurological differences in ADHD. For example, key areas of the brain, such as the frontal lobe and caudate nucleus, may be smaller or function differently, affecting self-control, attention, and motivation. Chemical imbalances, including lower dopamine levels, also play a role, impacting learning and reward systems.  

ADHD is not a life sentence of struggle. With proper support, children can learn to manage challenges and leverage their strengths. Collaboration between families, schools, and therapists is essential to help children build skills and self-esteem.  

Famous individuals like Will Smith, Richard Branson, and Justin Timberlake exemplify how people with ADHD can achieve great success. The key lies not in "fixing" ADHD but in understanding and supporting those with it. With the right tools and encouragement, children with ADHD can thrive both in school and beyond.

https://canadianhealthcarenetwork.ca/adhd-can-be-diagnosed-looking-brainwaves-heres-neuroscience-behind-it?utm_source=swiftmail&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=CHN_NL_Physician_DoctorDaily&mkt_tok=ODI1LUxTUC01NDUAAAGYO-Dnpi97-N4_AuJl9ZTEYZN0Y-4k8LAQWZ61ZbGk2KLwR6vVPzrasyy_4e99QWiirjlj4q81teOVqDTDr3DN3Tjk1G7bYn7kOUP7wVMYxGxe

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A Personalized Approach to Preventing Substance Use in Teens  

January 15, 2025

A study published in the *American Journal of Psychiatry* highlights a promising approach to reducing substance use in adolescents. Seventh graders who participated in a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program tailored to their personality traits were significantly less likely to use substances over five years compared to those who did not receive the intervention.  

Traditional school-based prevention programs often focus on general awareness and peer education, which have shown limited success. In contrast, this program, called PreVenture, uses a personalized approach. It groups students based on one of four personality traits linked to higher substance use risk: anxiety, hopelessness, impulsivity, or sensation seeking.  

Students in the intervention attended two 90-minute sessions where trained counselors helped them understand their personality traits and develop coping strategies specific to their needs. These skills aimed to reduce their reliance on substances as a way to manage challenges.  

The study included over 1,600 students from 31 high schools in Montreal. Students in PreVenture schools demonstrated a 35% reduction in the annual increase in substance use rates compared to those in the control group. By year five, they were 21% less likely to screen positive for substance use disorder (SUD).  

This research suggests that addressing the unique personality traits of teens can be a powerful way to prevent substance use. For parents, this underscores the importance of early, targeted interventions that equip children with tools to navigate their emotions and challenges in healthier ways.  

Future research aims to explore how to expand and adapt this program to ensure its effectiveness across different settings, potentially benefiting even more young people.

https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.20240042

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Machine Learning Brings Hope for Earlier ADHD Detection in Children

January 11, 2025  

A University of Alberta research team has used machine learning to identify children at risk of developing ADHD as early as kindergarten. By analyzing health records and teachers’ developmental assessments, the model predicted ADHD diagnoses up to four years in advance with 81% accuracy.  

Early detection is critical. "Unidentified ADHD can disrupt a child’s developmental trajectory," explains Dr. Bo Cao, the study’s lead. ADHD, the most common neurodevelopmental disorder, affects 5-9% of children and often leads to academic and social difficulties if untreated.  

Researchers analyzed records of 23,247 kindergarten students in Alberta, excluding those already diagnosed. They combined health data—including birth history and maternal mental health—with teacher-reported assessments of skills like emotional maturity and social competence. Predictive factors for ADHD included inattentive classroom behavior, maternal mental health issues, and larger household size. Protective factors included strong social skills, being female, and speaking English or French as a second language.  

The findings highlight the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors early. “Our long-term goal is to identify high-risk groups and explore ways to reduce the risk,” says Cao.  

While this research is promising, the team emphasizes that machine learning tools are still in the development stage. Privacy, cultural sensitivity, and stigma must be addressed before implementation. Dr. Cao hopes this work will guide earlier interventions, allowing children to receive the support they need.  

Currently, ADHD treatments include behavioral therapy, counseling, and medication. Early identification can pave the way for better outcomes, giving children the tools to succeed in school and beyond.  

Parents should watch for signs of ADHD, such as impulsivity, learning difficulties, and poor emotional regulation, and seek professional support when needed.

https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000620

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Breakthrough in Depression Treatment for Teens: What Parents Need to Know

December 26, 2024  

A new study presented at the 2024 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) annual meeting offers hope for teens with depression. NeuroStar Advanced Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) therapy, a non-invasive treatment, has shown remarkable results for adolescents aged 15 and older with major depressive disorder (MDD).  

In the largest study of its kind, involving over 1,200 young people aged 12 to 21, nearly 60% of teens aged 12 to 19 achieved remission after completing 20 or more TMS sessions. This treatment also demonstrated improvements in anxiety symptoms, with meaningful changes often seen within the first 10 sessions.  

TMS is FDA-approved as a first-line add-on therapy for teens aged 15 and older with MDD. Unlike antidepressant medications, TMS does not cause systemic side effects, making it a safer alternative for many families. It can be used alongside talk therapy or medication or as an option when other treatments haven't worked.  

Parents considering TMS can feel reassured by its proven effectiveness and safety. Side effects are minimal, and insurance coverage is expanding, making this treatment more accessible. Dr. Melissa Fickey, a board-certified psychiatrist, emphasized that early use of TMS in persistent cases often leads to better outcomes.  

For families seeking new solutions for their child’s mental health, TMS offers a promising path forward. This breakthrough provides much-needed hope for the millions of adolescents affected by depression each year.  

**Key Takeaway**: If your teen is struggling with depression, TMS could be a life-changing option. Talk to a mental health professional about whether it’s right for your family.  

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/neurostar-tms-for-adolescents-with-major-depressive-disorder-a-look-at-the-new-data

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ADHD Medications: Understanding Cardiovascular Risks for Your Child  

December 24, 2024

Recent research highlights a potential link between ADHD medications and cardiovascular risks, particularly with long-term use or higher doses. While rare, these risks emphasize the importance of monitoring heart health in children and youth taking these medications.  

A Swedish study published in JAMA Psychiatry examined over 10,000 individuals with ADHD and found that longer cumulative use of ADHD medications, especially at higher doses, was associated with a 4% yearly increase in cardiovascular disease risk. The risk was higher during the first three years of use and most pronounced in conditions like hypertension and arterial disease.  

The study evaluated common ADHD medications, including methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, and atomoxetine. It found that stimulant medications were more likely to increase risks early in treatment. For non-stimulants like atomoxetine, the risk was significant only in the first year.  

Importantly, serious cardiovascular events remain rare, and these findings should not discourage appropriate ADHD treatment. For children with pre-existing heart conditions, ADHD medications are typically avoided, as current guidelines already recommend.  

To ensure your child’s safety:  

1. **Regular Monitoring**: Schedule check-ups to monitor blood pressure and heart health.  

2. **Report Symptoms**: Notify your healthcare provider of symptoms like chest pain, rapid heartbeat, or dizziness.  

3. **Discuss Risks and Benefits**: Work with your child’s doctor to find the lowest effective dose and evaluate alternatives if concerns arise.  

ADHD medications can greatly improve focus and behavior, significantly enhancing your child’s quality of life. By staying informed and vigilant, you can help manage their treatment safely and effectively.  For more information, consult your healthcare provider.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37991787/

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ADHD Medication: Understanding the Risks of High-Dose Amphetamines  

December 14, 2024

Recent research highlights a concerning link between high doses of amphetamines used to treat ADHD and an increased risk of psychosis. A study led by McLean Hospital in Massachusetts found that taking 30 mg or more of amphetamines daily can increase the risk of psychotic or manic episodes by five times.  

Amphetamines work by boosting dopamine levels, a neurotransmitter also involved in psychosis. Researchers analyzed the health records of over 4,000 patients aged 16–35, comparing stimulant use before admission for psychiatric care. Their findings showed an 81% increase in the risk of psychosis for individuals taking more than 30 mg of amphetamines daily. This risk was not influenced by other substances like cannabis or opioids.  

Importantly, methylphenidate-based medications, such as Ritalin and Concerta, did not show the same risk. These findings echo earlier studies suggesting a lower psychosis risk with methylphenidate compared to amphetamines.  

Parents and healthcare providers should carefully monitor the use of amphetamines, especially in children or teens with a history of mental health issues. Lower doses are often safer and just as effective. Physicians are encouraged to explore alternative medications like methylphenidate for vulnerable patients.  

Dr. Lauren Moran, the study's lead author, emphasizes the importance of weighing risks and benefits when prescribing ADHD medications. “This is a rare but serious side effect. Both patients and doctors need to monitor for early signs of psychosis,” she advises.  

While ADHD medications can be life-changing, this research reminds us that careful dosing and close monitoring are key to ensuring safety and effectiveness.

https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230329

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Understanding and Managing Bedwetting in Children  

December 9, 2024

Bedwetting, or enuresis, is common in children and can be distressing for families. It affects 15% of five-year-olds, 10% of seven-year-olds, and 5% of ten-year-olds. Enuresis often resolves naturally as a child matures.  

**What is Enuresis?**  

Enuresis refers to episodes of nighttime urinary incontinence in children aged five and older. It can result from delayed development, difficulty waking up during sleep, increased nighttime urine production, or a small bladder capacity.  

**Types of Enuresis**  

- **Monosymptomatic**: Bedwetting without daytime urinary symptoms.  

- **Non-monosymptomatic**: Bedwetting with additional daytime symptoms, like frequent urination or urgency, which should be addressed first.  

Children with bedwetting are evaluated to rule out underlying medical issues, such as constipation, ADHD, or sleep apnea. For secondary enuresis (bedwetting after six dry months), potential causes like stress, diabetes, or kidney issues should be considered.  

**Management Strategies**  

The first step is reassuring families that bedwetting is common, unintentional, and not the child’s fault. Punishment is counterproductive, and rewards should focus on achievable behaviors (e.g., voiding before bed).  

Behavioral approaches include:  

- Establishing regular bathroom routines.  

- Managing fluid intake by encouraging drinking earlier in the day.  

- Avoiding caffeinated drinks.  

- Treating constipation if present.  

Active treatments, such as enuresis alarms, can help children learn to wake when their bladder is full. For temporary control, desmopressin may be used, particularly for special occasions like sleepovers. Careful monitoring of fluid intake is essential to avoid side effects additional issues are identified, families may be referred to specialists for further evaluation and advanced therapies.  

**Key Takeaways for Parents**  

- Bedwetting is a normal part of development for many children and often resolves naturally.  

- Stay patient and supportive. Avoid blaming or shaming your child.  

- Simple strategies like optimizing fluid intake and bathroom habits can make a difference.  

- If needed, treatments such as enuresis alarms or medications like desmopressin can provide relief.  

- Consult your child’s healthcare provider to rule out underlying conditions or discuss advanced options if progress isn’t seen.  

With time, most children overcome bedwetting, and proactive support can help minimize its impact on their self-esteem and family life.

https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/evaluation-and-management-of-enuresis-in-the-general-paediatric-setting

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Trauma-Focused CBT: The Best Treatment for PTSD in Children and Teens

December 5, 2024

A recent study in *JAMA Psychiatry* [1] highlights trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapies (TF-CBTs) as the most effective treatment for children and teens with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).  

Researchers reviewed 70 clinical trials involving 5,528 participants aged 19 or younger (average age 12). Four treatment types were evaluated:  

1. **TF-CBTs**: These include techniques like prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy.  

2. **Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)**: This uses eye movements or external stimuli to process trauma.  

3. **Non-trauma-focused therapies**.  

4. **Multidisciplinary treatments**: A mix of therapeutic techniques.  

TF-CBTs led to the largest and most sustained reductions in PTSD symptoms, outperforming other therapies immediately after treatment and six months later. EMDR ranked second, showing significant short-term benefits, but long-term data are limited.  

The study also showed that TF-CBTs remained the most effective when analyzed against high-quality trials and interventions involving parents.  

These findings support TF-CBTs as the first-choice treatment for pediatric PTSD. The researchers emphasized that sharing this evidence can address misconceptions about TF-CBTs, such as fears they might harm rather than help children.  

While emerging therapies like EMDR show promise, more research, especially on long-term outcomes, is needed.  

Parents should feel confident seeking TF-CBTs for their child’s PTSD, knowing it has the strongest evidence for improving symptoms and long-term recovery. The study highlights the importance of trauma-focused approaches in addressing the unique needs of children and adolescents with PTSD. Unlike general therapies, TF-CBT directly addresses traumatic memories while equipping young people with tools to manage their thoughts and emotions.  

Involving parents in therapy enhances outcomes, as children benefit from a supportive home environment where learned coping strategies can be reinforced.  

If your child shows signs of PTSD—such as nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related reminders, or heightened anxiety—consulting a mental health professional experienced in TF-CBT can be a critical step toward recovery. Early intervention not only helps reduce symptoms but also improves long-term emotional well-being.  

Remember, effective treatment is available, and recovery is possible with the right support.

[1] https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2827463

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Nature Time: A Boost for Children’s Mental Health

November 19, 2024

Spending just two hours a week in nature can significantly improve the mental health of children aged 10 to 12, especially those struggling with issues like anxiety, depression, aggression, or social difficulties, according to a groundbreaking study by McGill University and Université de Montréal.

The research, published in JAMA Network Open, involved over 500 students across Quebec and demonstrated that children with higher mental health challenges at the start of the program experienced the greatest benefits. Teachers noted that after three months of weekly nature-based classes, these children were calmer, more relaxed, and more attentive in the classroom.

During the program, teachers held regular lessons in nearby parks or green spaces, incorporating short mental health activities such as drawing, writing haikus, or mindful walking. These simple, cost-effective interventions proved accessible and beneficial for schools with green space access.

“Nature-based programs may help equalize mental health outcomes for vulnerable children,” explained Marie-Claude Geoffroy, a senior researcher involved in the study. The program’s success highlights the potential for integrating green spaces into education to support children’s well-being.

The study, which included a control group of 1,000 children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, is the first randomized controlled trial of its kind. The findings build on earlier evidence of the benefits of time in nature and offer practical strategies for educators and policymakers.

“This low-cost intervention can make a real difference in supporting vulnerable students,” said Tianna Loose, the study’s lead author. The team plans to expand the research to develop nature-based programs for teens, addressing mental health and climate anxiety.

Encouraging schools to adopt such programs can create lasting impacts, ensuring children grow up healthier and more resilient.

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Pathologic Demand Avoidance (PDA): Understanding the Debate on DSM-5 Inclusion

November 13, 2024

Pathologic Demand Avoidance (PDA) has sparked increasing interest among parents and clinicians, particularly for children who seem to have an extreme need to resist daily demands, often reacting with intense anxiety or challenging behavior. Although PDA is recognized in the UK as a profile related to autism, it is not included in the DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association’s manual for diagnosing mental health conditions. This omission has led to confusion and controversy over whether PDA should be formally recognized as its own diagnosis.

**What is PDA?**

PDA involves an overwhelming need to avoid demands due to anxiety and a strong need for control. Children with PDA may refuse instructions, avoid responsibilities, and often use imaginative or strategic ways to sidestep expectations. Unlike oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), where defiance appears more deliberate, PDA behaviors are largely driven by anxiety and a perceived threat to autonomy. For many children, PDA behaviors may look like defiance, but they reflect a different underlying motivation.

**Why Isn’t PDA in the DSM-5?**

One reason PDA is not in the DSM-5 is that it is still a relatively new concept, primarily recognized in the UK. Research is ongoing, but there is currently limited large-scale evidence to support PDA as a separate diagnosis. For the DSM-5, new conditions require strong scientific backing, including clear diagnostic criteria. Some clinicians argue that PDA behaviors can often be explained by existing DSM-5 diagnoses, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ODD, or anxiety disorders, making PDA potentially redundant as a standalone category.

**The Controversy**

The debate centers around whether PDA is truly distinct or a profile within autism that needs special attention. Supporters of PDA as a separate diagnosis argue that children with PDA benefit from unique approaches, such as indirect requests and reduced pressure, which can alleviate their anxiety-driven behaviors. Critics, however, caution that without precise criteria, PDA could overlap too heavily with other diagnoses, leading to over- or under-diagnosis.

**What Can Parents Do?**

If you suspect PDA behaviors in your child, seek an assessment with a professional who is open to considering complex presentations of autism and anxiety. Even without a formal PDA diagnosis, children may benefit from tailored support that emphasizes low-demand environments and a collaborative approach to daily tasks.

For now, understanding PDA’s nuances and the ongoing debate can help parents better advocate for their children, regardless of formal labels.

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Understanding the Link Between ADHD and Obesity in Children

November 8, 2024

A recent study highlights an important trend: children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often weigh less at birth but have a higher risk of developing obesity after age five. This study, published in the *Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry*, followed 7,908 children born between 2000 and 2002, with families providing updates as children grew.

The findings show that while ADHD does not predict obesity risk in early childhood, higher ADHD symptoms become associated with increased obesity risk starting at age 7 in girls and age 11 in boys. Children with ADHD, diagnosed either by a clinician or identified through high scores on a behavioral questionnaire, were significantly more likely to have obesity from age 5 onward.

Researchers suggest a "sensitive period" between ages 3 and 5 when ADHD symptoms may start affecting weight. Additionally, as children with ADHD grow older and gain independence in food choices, those with high impulsivity may struggle to make healthy decisions, increasing their obesity risk.

For parents of children with ADHD, understanding this link can be valuable. Encouraging balanced diets, regular physical activity, and mindful eating habits from a young age may help mitigate the potential for weight gain. Parents should also be aware of the role ADHD symptoms, such as impulsivity, can play in eating behaviors, and consider discussing healthy lifestyle strategies with their child’s healthcare provider.

Understanding the relationship between ADHD and weight can empower parents to support their child’s well-being as they grow.

https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(24)01975-0/fulltext

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Screen Time and Autism Risk: What Parents Should Know

November 7, 2024

A recent study in *JAMA Psychiatry* suggests that toddlers exposed to more than 14 hours of screen time per week may face a higher risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by age 12. Researchers, led by Dr. Ping-I. Lin from St. Louis University, examined data from over 5,000 children, finding that 2-year-olds who exceeded 14 hours of weekly screen time had nearly twice the odds of being diagnosed with ASD by age 12 compared to those with less screen time.

Additional factors associated with high screen use included being male, living in lower-income households, and having mothers with lower levels of education. Although the study does not establish that screen time causes autism, the researchers highlight that high screen use may indicate a need for family support.

Parents can consider moderating screen time and seeking resources if needed. These findings underscore the importance of early interventions to address socioeconomic challenges that may contribute to increased screen exposure and its potential effects on child development.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2825501#google_vignette

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How Cannabis Use Affects the Developing Brain in Teens

November 6, 2024

Recent research shows that cannabis use in adolescents may lead to changes in brain structure that could impact mental health and learning abilities. THC, the active ingredient in cannabis, can cause the cerebral cortex—the brain's outer layer involved in memory, thinking, and social behavior—to thin by reducing the branching of neurons, which are essential for brain communication.

In a study involving both mice and teenagers, researchers found that THC led to reduced neuron branching in mice and similar brain changes in human adolescents who used cannabis. This reduction in neuron connections could make it harder for young people to learn, manage emotions, and adapt to new situations, leaving the brain more vulnerable to stress and potentially increasing the risk of mental health issues like schizophrenia.

Scientists also noted that specific brain cells responsible for maintaining connections between neurons were particularly affected by THC. These findings align with previous studies showing that cannabis use can affect brain function, potentially leading to long-term impacts on decision-making and behavior.

Experts recommend that parents discuss the risks of cannabis use with their teens, especially if there is a family history of mental illness. Adolescent cannabis use, particularly with potent products, could have lasting effects on brain development. While more research is needed to understand all the factors involved, the study emphasizes the importance of delaying or moderating cannabis use in adolescence.

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/cannabis-use-linked-brain-thinning-adolescents-2024a1000k29?ecd=WNL_mdpls_241105_mscpedit_psych_etid6974058&uac=105140ET&spon=12&impID=6974058

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Understanding the Dangers of Polypharmacy in Children with Mental Illness

October 29, 2024

Polypharmacy, the use of multiple medications at the same time, is increasingly common in the treatment of mental illness in children. While certain situations may call for more than one medication, it’s essential for parents to be aware of the risks and benefits associated with this approach.

Children’s brains and bodies are still developing, which makes them especially sensitive to the effects of medications. Combining multiple medications, particularly those affecting mood, attention, and behavior, can increase the risk of adverse effects. Side effects of polypharmacy in children can include sedation, increased irritability, weight gain, and metabolic issues, as well as a heightened risk of dangerous drug interactions. With more than one medication, it becomes challenging to identify which drug might be causing specific side effects, which can complicate management.

Moreover, evidence supporting the safety and effectiveness of multiple medications in children is often limited, as most studies focus on individual drugs rather than combinations. When polypharmacy is used, it should be approached cautiously and monitored closely by a qualified healthcare provider. Typically, medications are added one at a time with thorough evaluation at each stage, aiming for the lowest effective dose of each.

Parents should also be aware of the “prescription cascade,” where side effects from one drug lead to the prescription of another medication to manage these symptoms. This cycle can lead to more medications being added over time, sometimes without clear therapeutic benefit. It’s important to regularly review all medications with the child’s healthcare provider, assessing whether each one is necessary or if adjustments can be made.

Non-medication approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), parent training, and other behavioral therapies, can also be effective. For some children, these therapies alone may help manage symptoms, reducing or even eliminating the need for multiple medications.

Open communication with your child’s healthcare provider is essential. Ask questions about the purpose of each medication, potential side effects, and alternative treatments. Seeking a second opinion from a specialist, such as a child psychiatrist, can also be helpful in ensuring your child is receiving the most appropriate and safest treatment.

Polypharmacy should be a last resort and only considered when the potential benefits clearly outweigh the risks. By staying informed and actively involved in your child’s treatment, you can help protect their health and support their path toward well-being.

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Understanding Quirky Personalities vs. High-Functioning Autism in Children

October 26, 2024

As parents, it’s natural to wonder whether a child's unique behaviors are simply quirks or signs of something more significant, like high-functioning autism. While both can involve behaviors that seem unusual or different from peers, understanding the distinctions can help avoid the risk of over-diagnosing children with autism. 

A child with a "quirky" personality might display behaviors or interests that are intense, unusual, or outside the norm for their age. They may have a vivid imagination, deep passion for specific hobbies, or a unique way of expressing themselves. However, these children typically exhibit flexibility in their behaviors; they can adapt to social situations, form meaningful friendships, and grasp social cues with some degree of ease. Their differences may be more about personality rather than any neurological condition.

High-functioning autism (also referred to as Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD Level 1), on the other hand, involves more distinct challenges with social interaction, communication, and behavior. Children with high-functioning autism often struggle to interpret social cues, understand non-verbal communication (like facial expressions or tone of voice), and develop reciprocal relationships. Their interests can be very narrow and repetitive, sometimes to the exclusion of other activities. They may also display sensory sensitivities (e.g., discomfort with loud noises or certain textures) or difficulty transitioning between activities.

Over-diagnosis of autism has become a concern in recent years. The broadening of diagnostic criteria and increased awareness of autism have led to a rise in diagnoses, but not every child who is "different" necessarily meets the criteria for ASD. While it's essential to identify and support children with genuine developmental needs, labeling a child with autism prematurely can lead to unnecessary interventions, stigma, or overlooking other underlying issues like anxiety, ADHD, or simply a unique personality.

Parents should consider seeking a comprehensive evaluation from a specialist, such as a child psychologist or psychiatrist, who has experience in developmental disorders. An accurate diagnosis should involve multiple sources of information, including developmental history, behavioral observations, and input from teachers or caregivers. 

Ultimately, understanding and embracing your child’s individuality while addressing any genuine concerns with appropriate support can help them thrive—whether they're quirky, on the spectrum, or somewhere in between.

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How Tablet Use Can Affect Your Child's Emotions

October 24, 2024

Using tablets and mobile devices is common among young children, but this habit may impact their ability to manage emotions. In the U.S., nearly all children ages 2 to 4 use mobile devices, with 44% owning their own tablet by 2020. While these devices are engaging, they offer limited chances for children to develop essential skills like controlling anger and frustration.

A study published in *JAMA Pediatrics* [1] followed 315 children in Nova Scotia over three years. It found that at age 3.5, children spent an average of 55 minutes daily on tablets. By age 5.5, this increased to 60 minutes. The study showed a link between more tablet time at age 3.5 and higher levels of anger and frustration a year later. Children who struggled with emotions at age 4.5 then spent even more time on tablets by age 5.5, suggesting a cycle where screen time and emotional difficulties reinforce each other.

Parents often use tablets to calm children or manage outbursts. While this may help in the moment, it can have long-term consequences. Excessive tablet use can replace valuable activities, such as playing with others or interacting with caregivers, which are crucial for learning self-regulation.

Parents should limit screen time for young children and avoid using tablets as a primary tool for calming. Encouraging other activities can help children build better emotional skills over time.

Monitoring tablet use and engaging children in social interactions can make a positive difference in their emotional development.

[1] https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/2822089#google_vignette

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